Gbalahi Landfill Effects on the Environment

Gbalahi Landfill Effects on the Environment Beyond Technical Description: the State of the Gbalahi Landfill and its Effects on the Environment. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0. Introduction One critical area of governance that has received huge investment in the developing world, especially in African countries in the last decade, is the social sector. However, in Africa, south of the Sahara, investment in the provision of social services is skewed towards health care and education with little going to environmental sanitation. This is in spite of the fact that African governments identified waste as the second most important problem after water quality (Senkoro, 2003) and also, the rapid urbanisation that the region is experiencing. Africa is said to have the highest rates of urbanisation in the world as more people live in urban centres (UN-Habitat, 2006). Although this offers economic opportunities, it also poses daunting environmental challenges in view of the fact that anthropogenic activities and rate of urbanisation are the factors that have been acknowledged to influence waste generation rates; the World Bank (2012) has observed that the higher the economic deve lopment and rate of urbanisation, the greater the amount of waste that is generated. As a consequence, waste in urban cities in Africa have not only increased, but have also resulted in waste management problem that has become intractable and threatens to undermine the efforts of city authorities as well as threatens the environment and public health (Baabereyir, 2009). Recent studies of the waste phenomenon in Africa have shown a litany of waste management issues: poor collection and disposal resulting in waste accumulation and indiscriminate dumping into valleys, streams and rivers, open gutters, et cetera leading to chocked drains, clogged streams and stinking gutters; lack of or poor management of disposal facilities or sites, as a result, they emit serious negative externalities on the physical environment and pose serious public health concerns , especially, for nearby communities; and others that municipal authorities in cities across Africa have to grapple with (Hardoy, Mitlin Satterthwaite, 2001; Kirondi, 1999; Onibokun Kumuyi, 1999; and Pacione, 2005). Against this background, it might seem today that waste management is a debilitating problem in cities in the developing world. On the contrary, studies have shown that waste management is particularly a major challenge that city authorities, the world over, face and many cities in the developed world have faced and may probably be facing still. Pacione (2005) observed that most city governments are confronted by mounting problems regarding the collection and disposal of solid waste. The problems with waste, Pacione (2005) further observed, are centred on the difficulties and high cost of disposal of the large volume generated by households and businesses in high-income countries; and collection, with between one-third and one-half of all solid waste generated remaining uncollected in lower-income countries. Girling (2005) also cited Lord Tycornnel of England in 1741 lamenting the neglect of cleanliness of which, perhaps, no part of the world affords more proof than the streets of Lo ndon, a city famous for wealth, commerce and plenty and for every other kind of civility and politeness; but which abounds with such heaps of filth as a savage would look on with amazement. In sub-Saharan Africa seen as the last global macro-region to experience urbanisation in the twenty first century (Amoah and Kosoe, 2014) the waste management situation seems worse as studies have shown and finds expression in city authorities inability to provide the entire functional elements of waste management: generation, onsite storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and recovery and disposal of waste. As a consequence, uncontrolled (crude) dumping appears to be officially endorsed and tends to create the perception that safe disposal of waste is beyond the capacity of municipal authorities, Oteng-Ababio (2011). In Ghana, like many developing countries, uncontrolled dumping of waste had been practised until 2004 (Post, 1999) due to lack of modern waste management infrastructure as a result of low investments (Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, 2011). Consequently, the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) lack capacity and modern faci lities for proper wastes management to meet international best practice that reduce the negative impacts of waste on the environment and public health. However, in 2004 Ghana took a huge step toward modern waste management practice by moving from open dumps to engineered sanitary landfills when two of such facilities were opened in Kumasi and Tamale (Oteng-Ababio, 2011). An engineered sanitary landfill is generally considered to be a site designed, constructed and operated to minimise its effects on the environment and public health. For example, the Solid Waste Agency (2014) defined landfill as a carefully engineered and managed structure which acts as a final disposal option for waste. The World Bank (1999) elaborated further by noting that, the commonly accepted, scientific or popular, definitions of sanitary landfilling require the isolation of the wastes from the environment until rendered innocuous through biological, chemical and physical degradation processes in the landfill. Thus a sanitary landfill is different in many respects from any other landfilling method of waste disposal. Primary differences between the landfill designs used are in the completeness of isolation and methods of construction. According to the World Bank (1999) isolation from the environment can range from: no isolation (e.g., open dumping) partial isolation (some planned release to groundwater) containment (low permeability lining within the site and collection and removal of leachate) dry entombment (i.e., long-term storage in dry conditions, rather than disposal) Thus, an engineered sanitary landfill must be managed in accord with this axiom (isolation of the waste from the environment until rendered innocuous through biological, chemical and physical degradation processes in the landfill) to prevent it from posing risk to the environment and health. To achieve this, the World Bank (1999) outlined four basic conditions that should be met by site design and operation for a landfill to be regarded as a better landfill: Full or partial hydrogeological isolation. Preferably, a site should be located in or on low permeability geological strata to inhibit leachate migration off-site into an underlying aquifer. If this is not possible then additional materials should be brought to the site, to reduce the permeability at the base of the site. These will help control leachate movement from the waste into the groundwater and surrounding strata, and, if necessary, allow leachate to be collected for treatment. Formal engineering preparations. A sanitary landfill should be constructed from prepared engineering designs developed from local site geological and hydrogeological investigations. Once constructed, a sanitary landfill has to be operated according to a waste disposal plan leading to a final restoration plan. Permanent control. Sufficient numbers of trained staff should be based at the landfill to supervise and direct all preparation, site construction, and waste emplacement activities, as well as the regular operation, maintenance, and monitoring of gas and leachate control systems. Planned waste emplacement and covering. Waste should be spread in layers and, if necessary, compacted mechanically as part of the emplacement procedure, not dumped over a cliff-like working face. Where practicable the waste should be deposited in only a small working area and covered daily to render it less accessible to pests and vermin. EJnet.org (2003) posited that a secured landfill or an engineered sanitary landfill must have four critical elements to be successful: a bottom liner, a leachate collection system, a cover, and the natural hydrogeologic setting. The natural setting can be selected to minimise the possibility of wastes escaping to groundwater beneath a landfill. The three other elements must be engineered. The Tamale engineered sanitary landfill is located at Gbalahi in the newly created Sagnarigu District but serves both the Tamale Metropolitan and Sagnarigu District Assemblies. The landfill is the only scientific waste receptacle in Tamale (now made up of the Tamale Metropolitan and Sagnarigu District Assemblies). The construction of the Gbalahi landfill has brought a huge sigh of relief to local authorities who hitherto had no place of disposing off their waste in a cost effective and environmentally sound manner. Thus, officialdom basks in this achievement and the landfill is seen as the best solution to the waste management challenges in Tamale. Sadly, however, the project has received negative publicity in the local media due to its management. Management of waste disposal sites seems to be a major drawback to the overall efforts of waste management and it is as challenging as the management of waste through all the other functional elements before final disposal in cities in dev eloping countries, Ghana, and for that matter, Tamale inclusive (Coffie, 2010; Foday, Xiangbin and Quangyen, 2013; Owusu-Sekyere, Kpieta and Abdul- Kadri, 2013; Remigios, 2010; Salam Abul, 2010 Amoah and Kosoe, 2014). Against this background, it would seem reasonable to conclude that among the many problems that confront local authorities in Ghana, management of waste disposal sites is a particularly worrying issue that seems to overwhelm them. In fact, the problem appears intractable leading to waste burden in the cities. Many believe that the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4, 5, 6 and 7 which concerns child mortality, maternal health, malaria, et cetera and environmental sustainability could not be realised by the end of 2015 in part because poor management of waste since waste disposal affects most of the issues the MDGs addressed. There is therefore an urgent call to find pragmatic measures to ensure effective management of landfill sites in Ghana. These issues invite research attention. 1.2. Statement of the problem The problem under investigation in this research is the worsening state of the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill site in Tamale and its effects on the environment. Compared to other waste disposal methods, landfill is the simplest, cheapest and most cost-effective method of disposing of waste (Barrett and Lawler, 1995), and easier to operate. As a result, in most low- to medium-income countries, landfill has become the ideal choice for final waste disposal with almost 100 per cent of generated waste going into landfills (World Health Organisation, 2006). Even in many rich countries, most waste is landfilled; according to the EEA (2003), over 75 per cent of generated waste within the European Union is landfilled. Although landfill seems to naturally be the preferred option for final waste disposal, especially, in low- to medium-income countries, it could be a real threat to public health and the environment if not properly managed. According to Foday, Xiangbin and Quangyen (2013) poor and ineffective management of landfills turn them to sources of environmental and health hazards to people living near it. The management practice at the Gbalahi landfill site leaves much to be desired and below best practice of engineered sanitary landfill where the object is to isolate the waste from the environment until it is rendered innocuous through biological, chemical and physical processes of nature (UNEP, 2005). As a result, the landfill site is saddled with a litany of challenges including ease of access by any and everybody, non-functional scale house (a component for determining the amount of waste that the landfill receives, et cetera), fires, haphazard placement of waste especially during the rai ning season, irregular compaction of placed waste, non-coverage of placed waste, chocked or silted inspection chambers, scavenging or waste picking even in the working face, et cetera (Figure 1.1). Figure 1.1: Aspects of the poor management of Gbalahi Landfill in Tamale Burning and Waste Picking at Gbalahi Landfill in Tamale Source: Field Work, 2015 As a consequence there increased leachate production, especially during the raining season; smoke pollution; breeding of vermin; and is it impossible to know how much waste the landfill has received so far and how much more it can receive; et cetera and many believe the landfill is gradually turning into nothing more than a dump. The effects of this poor or the lack of management of the landfill site is unsightly facility, flies, odour; et cetera. These are becoming apparent as in recent times communities living proximal to and downstream the landfill site have been agitating and threatening to forcefully close it down due to what they say pollution, thus bringing into sharp focus the concepts of NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) and LULU (location of unwanted land use). Conditions at the site are increasingly becoming inimical to the ecosystem within its immediate surroundings as well as health risks to households living proximal. This situation calls for a scientific study to ascertain the state of the facility and the effects it is having on the environment. Unfortunately, this has not been done yet which leaves people to conjecture and policy makers with no scientific information for decision making. This study is therefore focused on analysing and gaining insights into the state of the landfill and how the operations are affecting the environment. This will provide information on the blind spots of policy makers and stakeholders, what works well and what can be done in managing the facility and also contribute to the growing mass of knowledge regarding landfill sites management. 1.3. Research Questions To achieve the goal of the study, the research was designed to answer the following questions: What is the state of the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill? How is the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill affecting the environment? What factors militate against proper management of the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill? In what ways can the management of the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill be improved upon? 1.4. Purpose and objectives of the study The purpose of this study was to examine the state of the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill in Tamale and how it is affecting the environment, with the aim of enhancing understanding of the problem and the key issues affecting the management of the landfill, and also to identify possible solutions to the problem. Pursuant to this, the specific objectives that guided the study were: To examine the state of the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill To assess the effects of the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill on the environment To identify the factors that militate against proper management of the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill To identify ways to improve upon the management of the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill 1.5. Scope of the Research Geographically, the study took place at the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill site located northeast of the city of Tamale, about 5 km from the city centre. Tamale is made up of the Tamale Metropolitan and the Sagnarigu District Assemblies. Tamale has a total population of 366,262, urban population of 274,022 and 58,855 households (GSS, 2012). The Gbalahi sanitary landfill site is located within the Sagnarigu District but serves both the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly (TaMA) and the Sagnarigu District Assembly. Tamale is located between 0Â °45ÂÂ ¹ W and 0Â °55ÂÂ ¹ W and latitude 9Â °20ÂÂ ¹ N and 9Â °30ÂÂ ¹ N. The Gbalahi sanitary landfill site consists of a solid waste receiving facility and a liquid waste treatment facility. The solid waste dumping facility is a sanitary landfill. The landfill has a total area of ha, divided into two phases or cells: one cell is full and inactive but uncapped while the other is in operation. The facility receives approximate ly ..0 t of solid waste per day. The landfill began receiving waste in .. 2004 and it is estimated to receive a total of 0 t of solid waste by the time it is capped. The liquid waste treatment plant consists of three ponds made up of two 1216 m2 and 1216 m2 primary and secondary facultative ponds respectively and two 2432 m2 anaerobic ponds arranged in series and are connected to a common 4464 m2 aerobic pond. The system is designed to allow the units to operate in rotation. Liquid waste, including leachate from the landfill is discharged into the anaerobic pond; the connections of the ponds make it possible for the discharged liquid waste to be opened into the primary facultative pond. When the water level in the primary facultative pond is high enough, it is opened into the secondary facultative pond through a connecting valve. By the same token, the water in the secondary facultative pond is opened through a valve into the aerobic pond when the level is high. Through this natural process, as the water moves from pond to pond through the controlled valves, it becomes cleaner. The study was limited to the site because there is a growing concern about its management which many believe is below best practice of sanitary landfill thereby turning it into an environmental and health threat. Also, the proper management of the facility has a bearing on waste management in Tamale as it is the only final disposal site in the area. The context of the study is on the management practices at the landfill site and how that is affecting the environment. This is because the main differentiating element between a dump and an engineered sanitary landfill besides the engineering works in construction is the management practices. Figures 1.1-1.5 below show the map of Ghana, Tamale, the landfill site, solid waste facility, liquid waste treatment plant and sampling locations. 1.6. Relevance and Justification for the Study Since the dawn of civilisation and throughout history, humans have evolved means by which generated waste is disposed; pursuance to this, landfill has been and continuous to be the most popular option for waste disposal across the globe, Ghana and for that matter Tamale inclusive. In recent years and with the advancement in technology, landfill technology (in engineered sanitary landfill) has made it possible for waste to be isolated from the environment until it is rendered innocuous through biological, chemical and physical processes of nature before it is discharged into the environment. To this end, an engineered sanitary landfill must be managed in accord with recommended standards of sanitary practice. This is because, the consequences if overlooked are incalculable: disease outbreak and infections, reduction in the ambient quality of the environment, loss of human resources et cetera. The management operations at the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill in Tamale seems to fall below recommended best practice. This situation of the facility calls for scientific study to ascertain the impact of the landfill on the environment; unfortunately, the only attempt of a study of the site is a PhD thesis proposal on the topic: Overcoming the Barriers and Challenges to the Development of Domestic Sewage Fish Culture by Abdul-Rahaman submitted to the Department of Fisheries and Watershed Management, College of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Apart from this, other studies such as Puopiels (2010) work: Solid Waste Management in Ghana: The Case of Tamale Metropolitan Area; Songsore and McGranahans (1996) study Women and Household Environmental Care in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area; Aryee and Crooks (2003) work: Toilet Wars: Urban Sanitation Services and the Politics of Public-Private Participation in Ghana and Devas and Korboes (2000) work on City Governance and Poverty in Kumasi have investigated issues related t o the urban waste problem in Ghana. These studies are but a few of the studies that have examined a wide range of environmental issues in Ghana; none of them has investigated the issue of engineered sanitary landfill site management to provide adequate understanding of the problem even though it remains a major component in achieving the overall goal of modern waste management. This situation creates a knowledge gap and makes it difficult to find solutions to the worsening state of the Gbalahi engineered sanitary landfill. To this end, this study will help to know the impact that the operations of the facility is having on the environment and further the understanding of the management problem of the landfill as well as provide a useful starting point for addressing the challenges. The research will also contribute to both the theory and practice of engineered sanitary landfill management. 1.7. Organisation of the Study This research has been organised into five chapters. Chapter one has provided a systematic introduction to the research study, statement of the problem, research questions, purpose and objectives of the study, scope of the research; relevance and justification for the study and organisation of the study. Chapter two reviews related literature and discussed landfill management operations and challenges in developing countries as well as examined the concepts of integrated waste management and sustainable waste management as conceptual frameworks and how they relate to waste management. Chapter three talked about the methods by which the data or information for the study was collected. Chapter four analysed and discussed the findings of the research and Chapter five concluded the study by presenting a summary of the key findings upon which lessons are drawn.

Links Between Personality and Health Essay

The importance of understanding the links between personality and health are being increasingly recognized within the scientific and psychological society, over the years research and theoretical advances have begun to uncover that personality can have an effect on health, whether good or bad. Illnesses can be a cause of many factors that may be biological, psychological, environmental or even sociological. Suggesting that illnesses are related to more than just biological infectious diseases such as Tuberculosis, pneumonia, influenza, etc. of which during the 1900’s were major killers within western societies. (Stroebe, 2000) Yet as medicines understanding of these diseases grew and as vaccinations and treatments were made available the major culprit for death was no longer of a purely biological nature. By the year 2000 the major killers were taking the form of cardiovascular diseases which include coronary heart disease(CHD), High blood pressure, and cancer, (American Heart Association, 1999) that have many psychological, environmental and behavioral links, and most importantly links to stress and how our body copes while experiencing it. Selye’s three stages of the general adaptation syndrome (1976) can be directly linked to the above and have on many occasions been associated to personality and its effects on health. These developments have facilitated in the creation of ‘Health psychology,’ as researchers in this field evaluate and study the link between the mind and body, and how the environment may have an impact on these to produce illness or health. The following essay will interpret work written by professionals within the field of Health Psychology and offer an explanation of how Personality can impact health, with reference to research and theories, and to highlight personality’s role in Coronary Heart disease and cancer. The effect of stress on an individual’s physical health can have very serious consequences if the body’s response to the stress is over aroused. The prolonged arousal of the sympathetic system and the adrenal cortical system can cause major damage to the arteries and organs, yet long term stress can have an effect on the body’s immune system, lowering its ability to fight off diseases, this particular notion has had a lot of links to the development of cancer. (Taylor, 1986) Yet the links between the ideas that stress affects health has also been linked to the individual’s personality. Ultimately the concept is that challenging environments produce stress, and that certain individuals that possess a particular personality are poor at coping with stress, this is usually associated with personality traits and certain coping skills. Studies into the effects of ‘Hardiness’ by Kobasa, (1979); Kobasa, Maddi and Kahn, (1982) have shown that men who have had High levels of stress yet low occurrences of illness differed from those that had become ill during stressful events. The link seems logical as those that had less illnesses had felt as if they had more control and commitment in their lives while at the same time seeing certain situations such as losing a job, as a challenge instead of a setback, signifying that those individuals would be able to turn what could have been a stressful situation into their advantage. This particular study was only conducted on males, however and alternative study showed similar results when conducted on females.( Wiebe and McCallum, 1986) An alternative to theory to the Hardiness scale is The Type A personality type that has had links to CHD and other heart issues. Physicians believe that the traits of a Type A personality tend to be, aggressiveness, impatience and often an over involvement in work. The individuals that often exhibit this type of behavior tend to be very competitive and often find it difficult to relax. (Friedman and Rosenman, 1974) In comparison with type A, Type B individuals are those that do not show the characteristics of a Type A person. They can relax and work without a feeling of urgency; they are less likely to become agitated or angry. The Biological connection between Type A people and coronary heart disease suggests that the individual’s sympathetic nervous system responds to stress in a maladaptive way. Most people when exposed to stressors such as high demands at work, feel angry, or agitated yet not to the extent to which it could cause any long term issues, as they are not prolonged and easily returned to a normal state, however an individual with a type A personality would show a much higher increase in blood pressure and heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system on a Type A individual would be ‘Hyper-responsive’ to stressors. The theory is that all of these psychological and physiological changes damage the heart. (Manuck and Kranz, 1986) In relation to the above there have been many large scale studies that suggest that there are larger varieties of risk factors than just CHD, Such as smoking, and obesity. (Rosenman, 1975) patterns shown by research suggests that it is not necessarily the individuals traits such as high ambition and the need to work, instead the negative emotions that a Type A personality possesses such as anger are seen as the main culprits for the health problems. Friedman and Rosenman’s Western collaborative group study was the longitudinal study of 3534 men, between the ages of 39 and 59. Each individual was medically examined and given a category of either Type A or it’s contrasting Type B, it was found that 53 per cent of the participants were Type A and the rest Type B. (Rosenman, 1964) After an 8.5 year follow up results had shown that Type A men had experienced higher numbers of CHD in comparison with Type B over the course of the study. Coinciding studies such as the Framingham Study (Haynes et al, 1978) and the British Regional Heart study (Jognston et al, 1987) looked into the link between Type A and CHD, each study showed higher numbers of CHD (both MI man Angina) among Type A men and women .

Lies Youve Been Told About Education Essay Topics

Lies You've Been Told About Education Essay Topics Deciding upon an effortless topic may prove to be an incorrect track as you might have difficulties finding credible sources to support your views. Finding a college education makes someone an authority in their field, and also permits them to network with a lot of people with similar interests. Students need to deal with current issues going in various arenas. Our good or bad education decides that which kind of person we would later on. The Importance of Education Essay Topics Schools should cut art and music from the curriculum so that children can concentrate on useful subjects like information technology. Education is a significant medium of acquiring essential knowledge and techniques. Appropriate education identifies our career objectives and teaches us to dwell in more civilized method. It creates lots of ways to go ahead in the future. Things You Should Know About Education Essay Topics Higher study is quite neces sary for all to acquire nice and technical job in the life. Our parents always say that in the event that you want to delight in a stable and happy life, you definitely have to get educated. Education plays great part in everybody's life as it brings positive influences on the human life. It is very important tool for the people all over the world to make balance of life and its existence on the earth. Who Else Wants to Learn About Education Essay Topics? It's true, you can purchase an essay online, but it's far better to decide on a topic by your own way. The first kind of essay that we're likely to review is argumentative writing. As mentioned there are two strategies to classify essays. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most significant point to do is to select a topic and an argument which you can really get behind. You must then reinforce your arguments by mentioning a couple of details about each argument. The significance of a thesis statement is the fact that it aids the reader to recognize the major idea of youreducation essay, since it reflects your opinion about the topic of writing. Therefore, it's possible to never underestimate the importance of doing research for an essay. Always be sure you answer the question. Based on your subject of choice you may have to have reputable sources to help provide good evidence for your thesis or argument. You may decide to write on the issue you've already formed an opinion about. It's impossible to comprehend how the admission board sees the topic that you decide to pick out. Education time is a vital portion of life for everybody personally and socially. It improves the mental status and change the way of thinking of a person. It is very important tool for everyone to succeed in life and get something different. Everybody should get edu cation so as to enhance their living standard. The function of education is to prepare children for the contemporary world. The subscription on your company enterprise You ought to be serious by it. Future of the any individual or country is dependent on the education system strategy followed. Moreover, aside from economic prosperity and success, surely, there are a lot of reasons why education is quite valuable especially in the modern world. By means of example, you mean to begin the terms education. As a case, it examines deeply the rise of somebody in addition to the constitutions of education pertaining to the setting together with the culture commonly. As a case in point, it examines deeply the growth of someone along with the constitutions of education in regard to the surroundings together with the modern society usually. As an illustration, it examines deeply the rise of somebody as well as the constitutions of education regarding the setting along with the modern society normally. Adhere solely to guidance that you quite cite in your paper. Adhere just to guidance that you ultimately cite in your paper. If your paper includes more than merely a simple discussion of security in schools, you may want to incorporate a small background information regarding gun control. Now, you've got to compose a paper about education. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Education Essay Topics Moreover, social networking site s like Facebook and Twitter among many more, chat, text messages and websites are avenues by which cyber bullying College education essay If you're studying at pedagogical university or you have subjects associated with Education and Teaching, you will need to deal with essays about education. The entire education was separated into three divisions like the main education, secondary education and Higher Secondary education. The History of Education Essay Topics Refuted Consider how education will appear in twenty decades. You're going to need education essay scholarship to take into account, in the event the classes is small or big, exactly how many subject matter you'll get there and in what way lots of tutors you are going to need. School education plays a fantastic part in everybody's life. The education process is fluid.

Plato learning analyzing speeches - 3401 Words

Analyzing Speeches The Lesson Activities will help you meet these educational goals: 21st Century Skills—You will assess and validate information. Directions Please save this document before you begin working on the assignment. Type your answers directly in the document. _________________________________________________________________________ Teacher-Graded Activities Write a response for each of the following activities. Check the Evaluation section at the end of this document to make sure you have met the expected criteria for the assignment. When you have finished, submit your work to your teacher. 1. Comparing Speeches a. Read President Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have a Dream†¦show more content†¦America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color It makes America seem more relatable by everyone. b. Listen to one (or more) of the readings of the Gettysburg Address. Did you notice any rhetorical devices when listening to the speech that you did not notice when you read the speech, and vice versa? Do the rhetorical devices have a different effect when they are spoken as opposed to read? Explain your response. Type your response here: I did not hear anymore rhetorical devices in other readings of the Gettysburg address. However the rhetorical devices seem to stand out more when they are read because they have the full emotion of the voice to display them, thus making it more emotional and understandable. c. Listen to Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech. What differences did you notice between the way the Gettysburg Address and I Have a Dream were delivered? Which rhetorical devices were more effective in each speech? Type your response here: I have a dream was delivered with more emotion than the Gettysburg address, I suppose it is because of the subject matter, Human rights seem to be more important than war and hate, and yet both speeches used wonderful rhetorical devices, In the Gettysburg address the use of the antanagoge is very prominit because it helps to ensure that they will never be forgotten. In I have a dream uses the rhetoricalShow MoreRelatedModernization of Ntuc Income Case Study14065 Words   |  57 PagesC H A P T E R 4 Workplace Emotions and Attitudes Learning Objectives AFTER READING THIS CHAPTER , YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO : I Deï ¬ ne emotions and identify the two dimensions around which emotions are organized. I Diagram the model of emotions, attitudes, and behaviour. I Identify the conditions that require and problems with emotional labour. I Outline the four components of emotional intelligence. I Summarize the effects of job dissatisfaction in terms of the exit-voice-loyalty-neglectRead MoreModernization of Ntuc Income Case Study14054 Words   |  57 PagesC H A P T E R 4 Workplace Emotions and Attitudes Learning Objectives AFTER READING THIS CHAPTER , YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO : I Deï ¬ ne emotions and identify the two dimensions around which emotions are organized. I Diagram the model of emotions, attitudes, and behaviour. I Identify the conditions that require and problems with emotional labour. I Outline the four components of emotional intelligence. I Summarize the effects of job dissatisfaction in terms of the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect modelRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSelf-Awareness 46 Self-Awareness Assessment 46 Emotional Intelligence Assessment 47 The Defining Issues Test 48 v Cognitive Style Indicator 52 Locus of Control Scale 52 Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale 54 Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES) 56 SKILL LEARNING 57 Key Dimensions of Self-Awareness 57 The Enigma of Self-Awareness 58 The Sensitive Line 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making andRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. . . . . . . . . . 30 The Quantitative Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 The Systems Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 The Contingency Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 The Learning Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Library and Information Center Management: The Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .